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Microemulsions are fluid, isotropic, colloidal systems that have been widely studied as drug delivery systems. The percutaneous transport of active agents can be enhanced by their microemulsion formulation when compared to conventional formulations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate naftifine-loaded microemulsions with the objective of improving the skin permeation of the drug. Microemulsions comprising oleic acid (oil phase), Kolliphor EL or Kolliphor RH40 (surfactant), Transcutol (co-surfactant), and water were prepared and physicochemical characterization was performed. skin permeation of naftifine from microemulsions was investigated and compared with that of its conventional commercial formulation. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to evaluate the interaction between the microemulsions and the stratum corneum lipids. American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 10231 and were used to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of the naftifine-loaded microemulsions. The microemulsion formulation containing Kolliphor RH40 as co-surfactant increased naftifine permeation through pig skin significantly when compared with the commercial topical formulation (p<0.05). ATR-FTIR spectroscopy showed that microemulsions increased the fluidity of the stratum corneum lipid bilayers. Drug-loaded microemulsions possessed superior antifungal activity against ATCC 10231 and . This study demonstrated that microemulsions could be suggested as an alternative topical carrier with potential for enhanced skin delivery of naftifine.

This article deals with both legal and economic analysis of the new Turkish Commercial Code provisions regarding single member companies. In this respect, legal provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code are examined and compared not only with the Twelfth European Union Directive and Societas Unius Personae , but also regulations of the European Union member states. Since single member companies are to be established as limited liability companies under Turkish law, this article considers the benefits of the limited liability form that can be applied to single member companies in the framework of firm theory. It also examines the benefits and risks of single member companies in terms of transaction costs and assesses the safeguards against the risks in this regard. Finally, an evaluation is made in the light of the data collected relating to the number of companies established after the new Turkish Commercial Code entered into force.

Acne vulgaris is the chronical, multifactorial and complex disease of the pilosebaceous unit in the skin. The main goal of the topical therapy in acne is to target the drug to epidermal and deep dermal regions by minimizing systemic absorption . Isotretinoin, a retinoic acid derivative, is the most effective drug in acne pathogenesis. Because systemic treatment may cause many side effects, topical isotretinoin treatment is an option in the management of acne. However, due to its high lipophilic character, isotretinoin tends to accumulate in the upper stratum corneum, thus its penetration into the lower layers is limited, which restricts the efficiency of topical treatment. Microemulsions are fluid, isotropic, colloidal drug carriers that have been widely studied as drug delivery systems. The percutaneous transport of active agents can be enhanced by microemulsions when compared with their conventional formulations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate microemulsions as alternative topical carriers for isotretinoin with an objective to improve its skin uptake. After in vitro permeation studies, the dermal penetration of isotretinoin from microemulsions was investigated by tape stripping procedure. Confocal laser scanning microscopy provided insight about the localization of the drug in the skin. The interaction between the microemulsion components and stratum corneum lipids is studied by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The relative safety of the microemulsions was assessed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts using MTT viability test. The results indicate that microemulsion-based novel colloidal carriers have a potential for enhanced skin delivery and localization of isotretinoin.

勃起功能障碍（ED）和慢性肾衰竭（CRF）之间的关系已在几个研究中被报道。本研究旨在探讨长期使用西地那非是否能增强CRF诱导大鼠的勃起能力。此外，我们评估了该治疗对某些分子的影响，这些分子被认为在勃起生理学及CRF相关的ED中起关键作用。研究分三组：（1）年龄配对的对照组，（2）CRF诱导的大鼠模型组，（3）CRF诱导大鼠给予西地那非慢性给药组（（5 mg /kg口服6周[CRF诱导后6周开始治疗]）。 3个月时，所有的动物进行海绵体神经刺激（CNS）来评估勃起功能。在所有大鼠组进行，阴茎组织晚期糖化终产物（AGE的） / 5-羟甲基-2-糠醛，丙二醛（MDA），cGMP（ELISA），诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）和神经元型NOS（nNOS的）（Western印迹）分析。CRF诱导大鼠与对照组相比，勃起功能有显著降低（P 〈0.05）。CRF诱导大鼠西地那非治疗组（第3组），海绵体内压（ICP）和曲线下面积的 增加量，大于CRF诱导大鼠组（第2组）。此外，西地那非治疗下调了AGE，MDA和iNOS的水平，同时保持了CRF诱导阴茎组织的nNOS和cGMP含量。西地那非治疗组AGE，MDA，iNOS的下降和nNOS，cGMP水平的增加，增加了ICP和海绵体神经刺激（CNS）的总ICP，使得CRF诱导大鼠阴茎勃起功能得到改善。本研究的结果表明慢性西地那非给药对CRF诱导大鼠的勃起功能有治疗效果。

Objectives: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widely used for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In our study, it was aimed to evaluate the use of CAM treatments in children with ASD and to determine the relationship between the CAM treatment methods and hopelessness, depression, and quality of life in the caregivers of patients with ASD. Materials and Methods: One hundred-twenty six patients with a confirmed diagnosis of ASD was included in the study. All patients were evaluated in detail in terms of the CAM methods used. The caregivers of the child with ASD were evaluated in terms of the quality of life, depression, hopelessness, and their opinions about the vaccine. Results: When the caregivers who did and did not use CAM were compared in terms of the scale scores, no difference was found. Vaccine refusal was more common in the parents of children who received CAM. Conclusion: The preference of CAM use was not directly related to the quality of life, depression, and hopelessness of the caregiver.

Son zamanlarda yaşanan şirket skandallarının sonuçları firmaların dikkatini yöneticilerin fırsatçı davranışlarına ve dolayısıyla firmalarda karşılaşılan vekalet maliyetlerinin değerlendirilmesine yönelt- miştir. Yöneticiler ve hissedarlar arasındaki çıkar çatışmaları firmaların finansal performanslarına yönelik bir tehdit unsuru oluşturmaktadır. İlgili konunun akademik literatür ve uygulama alanındaki artan önemi sebebiyle, bu çalışma öz sermayeye ilişkin vekalet maliyetleri ve finansal performans arasındaki ilişkiyi BRIC ülkelerinde faaliyet gösteren seçilmiş halka açık firmalar üzerinde 2003 ve 2014 yılları arasında değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Öz sermayeye ilişkin vekalet maliyetlerini ölçmek için üç farklı değişken kullanılmıştır. Bunlar; varlık kullanım oranı, faaliyet giderleri oranı ve serbet nakim akımların toplam varlıklara oranı olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, nakit akımlarının bol olduğu durumda yatırım fırsatlarının varlığını göz önünde bulundurmak için de ek bir etkileşim değişkeni oluşturulmuştur. Panel veri analize dayandırılmış bulgular firmalar arasındaki finansal performans farklılıklarına ek bir açıklama getirmiş ve bunların sadece firmaya özgü niteliklerden kaynaklanmadığını vurgulamıştır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma hissedar- ların varlıklarını maksimize etme amacına ulaşmak için firmaların vekalet maliyetlerini düşürmek adına çeşitli makenizmalar geliştirmenin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Myocardial infarction (MI) with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a relatively new term that is characterized by clinical evidence of MI with normal or near-normal coronary arteries on coronary angiography (QCA). To date, there have been no population-based studies on the prevalence of MINOCA in Turkey. The aim of this nationwide study was to document the prevalence and demographics of MINOCA in a Turkish population. MINOCA-TR is national, multi-center, prospective, all-comer study that was conducted in 32 hospitals. All consecutive patients who were ≥18 years old, diagnosed with MI according to the Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction, and had undergone QCA were included in the study. Patients with stable coronary artery disease, unstable angina pectoris, a history of revascularization, and type 4/5 MI were excluded. A total of 1793 patients who were diagnosed with MI and had undergone QCA were screened between March 2018 and October 2018, of whom 1626 (mean age: 61.5±12.5 years, 70.7% male) were enrolled from 32 centers. The prevalence of MINOCA was 6.7% (n=109) in the overall study population. Compared with non-MINOCA patients, those with MINOCA were younger, had a higher prevalence of the female gender, and had a history of flu. The percentages of current smokers, ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction patients, and those with a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia were significantly lower in MINOCA patients (p<0.05, for all). Also, the median left ventricular ejection fraction as seen on echocardiography and the ratio of Killip Class I status at presentation was significantly higher in MINOCA patients than in non-MINOCA patients (p<0.001). Patients with MINOCA received a preload dose of P2Y12 antagonist before QCA less often than non-MINOCA patients (p<0.001). The prevalence of MINOCA in Turkey is 6.7% in patients who were admitted with MI. Also, as compared to non-MINOCA patients, the MINOCA patients were exposed to fewer traditional risk factors of coronary artery disease.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the demographical and clinical characteristics of patients followed with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) during 2015-2016 influenza season. Methods: Patients followed with a diagnosis of SARI between 15 December, 2015 and 22 May, 2016 were included in the study. The patients were evaluated for demographic and clinical characteristics. Respiratory tract multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was performed for all patients’ nasopharyngeal smear samples. Results: A total of 107 patients were included in the study. Of the patients, 69 (64.5%) were male, and median age was 68 (range, 0-95) years. Mean duration of complaints before admission was 3.8 days. Mean hospitalization time was 11.7 days, and 23.4% of patients were followed in intensive care unit. Most frequent admissions were between second and seventh weeks of 2016. Viral agents were found in 41(38.3%) patients in respiratory tract multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Of the agents, 80.5% were influenza A virus (63.4% H1N1, 7.3% H3N2, 9.7% influenza A), 14.6% were influenza B virus, 2.4% were coronavirus OC43, and 2.4% were human metapneumovirus. Crude mortality was 15.9%, SARI-specific mortality was 8.4%, influenza A (H1N1)-related mortality was 11.5%. There were no significant differences for underlying diseases and laboratory findings other than presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and elevated alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Admission to intensive care unit and mortality were similar for both groups. When patients were evaluated according to the duration of complaints prior to admission, PCR positivity, necessity for intensive care unit admission and mortality were not found to be significantly different between patients with ≤4 days and >4 days of complaints. Patients with mortality had an increased rate of admission to intensive care unit when compared with patients discharged with full recovery. Conclusions: Our regional findings for 2015-2016 influenza season were found to be similar with national and European data.

Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is characterized by absent puberty and subsequent infertility due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. IHH can be accompanied by normal or compromised olfaction (Kallmann syndrome). Several semaphorins are known potent modulators of GnRH, olfactory, and vomeronasal system development. In this study, we investigated the role of Semaphorin-3F signaling in the etiology of IHH. We screened 216 IHH patients by exome sequencing. We transiently transfected HEK293T cells with plasmids encoding wild type (WT) or corresponding variants to investigate the functional consequences. We performed fluorescent IHC to assess SEMA3F and PLXNA3 expression both in the nasal region and at the nasal/forebrain junction during the early human fetal development. We identified ten rare missense variants in SEMA3F and PLXNA3 in 15 patients from 11 independent families. Most of these variants were predicted to be deleterious by functional assays. SEMA3F and PLXNA3 are both expressed along the olfactory nerve and intracranial projection of the vomeronasal nerve/terminal nerve. PLXNA1-A3 are expressed in the early migratory GnRH neurons. SEMA3F signaling through PLXNA1-A3 is involved in the guidance of GnRH neurons and of olfactory and vomeronasal nerve fibers in humans. Overall, our findings suggest that Semaphorin-3F signaling insufficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of IHH.